We calculated beta diversity using Aitchison distance between sites using the Euclidean distance matrix.

Pairwise distances between all sampling sites ranged from 10.3 and 35.1, where 0 represents no dissimilarity, and larger distances indicate increasing dissimilarity (Fig. 9). The highest dissimilarities were observed between the Cocoa 1 field and the Pasture fields.

Aitchison distance uses the Euclidian distance of the compositional data that has been center log transformed; see https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7811025/

For each replicate–internal use only, really. For each site (pooled replicates for each land use and site) For each land cover type (pooled replicates across sites)